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Notes to the Financial Statements (Group)

1 Operating profit

Operating profit includes the following items:

Other operating income and expense

  2008 
$m 
2007 
$m 
2006 
$m 
Royalties1 113  236  327 
Net gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment 6 
Net loss on disposal of intangible assets (17) (1) (1)
Gains on divestments of non-core products 118  192  161 
Other income 304  310  115 
Other expense   (18) (80)
Other operating income and expense 524  728  524 

1Royalty income is net of amortisation of intangible assets relating to royalty income streams and in 2008 the impairment of the HPV royalty intangible asset ($91m).

Restructuring and synergy costs

During 2008 the Group continued the restructuring and synergy programmes announced in 2007. In addition, the Group announced further programmes during the year. The tables below show the costs that have been charged in respect of these programmes to the income statement by cost category and type. Severance provisions are detailed in
Note 18.

  2008
$m
2007
$m
2006
$m
Cost of sales 405 415
Research and development 166 73
Selling, general and administrative expenses 310 478
Total charge 881 966
  2008
$m
2007
$m
2006
$m
Severance costs 499 678
Accelerated depreciation and impairment 219 203
Other 163 85
Total charge 881 966

The total charge in respect of the Global Supply Chain productivity initiative is anticipated to be around $1,250m.

In aggregate, research and development restructuring costs of around $300m are expected.

The total charge in respect of selling and marketing and business infrastructure is anticipated to be around $1,400m.

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